European society was based on social hierarchy-- organized according to rank.
from top to bottom: Monarchs, nobles, artisans and merchants(has social mobility), peasants= majority of the people.
merchants and artisans: source of tax revenue; were needed to finance overseas exploration and expansion.
Family in Society
nuclear family: family of a mom, dad, and their children (instead of extended family, like the Native Americans)
job in the household often divided by gender-- men did most of the field labor while women usually took care of children and made the food.
Christianity Shapes the European outlook
Roman Catholic church was the dominant religious institution.
-Pope had the ultimate power
Crusading Christianity
Muslims took over huge areas of Asia and North Africa.
Spanish Christians drove the Muslims away and regained the territory.
Christian armies in western Europe tried to force the Muslims out of the Holy Land around Jerusalem: Crusades (1096-1270)- serious of military expeditions to the Middle East in the name of Christianity ---> failed.
However, trade increased; a new taste for products in Asia. & the power of European nobles weakened.
Decline in Church Authority
the failed war made people lose faith in the Pope.
Monarchs began to take over the power
Reformation: disagreements over church authority led to this in the early 1500s. this divided Christianity in western Europe between Catholicism and Protestantism.
= deepened the rivalries between European nations and sent newly formed Protestant sects across the Atlantic to seek religious freedom.
Changes come to Europe
heavy rain and disease destroyed crops and livestock in 1314-1316
population decreased
Hundred Years’ War: England vs. France
vigorous growth and change after this disaster caused the rise of the economy for Europe.
The Growth of Commerce and Population
Crusades opened up to Asian trade routes; trade with Asia began.
Muslim merchants controlled the flow of goods through the Middle East.
growth of population (end of 1400s)
commerce and town growth improved
The Rise of nations
Crusades weakened nobility and strengthened monarchies.
western european monarchs- more control: new taxes, raising professional armies, strengthening central governments.
Portugal, Spain, France, and England took shape in western Europe in the late 1400s.
monarchs of those countries explored overseas for wealth.
The Renaissance: a period when Europeans began investigating all aspects of the physical world.
interest in worldly pleasures
new confidence in human achievements
no more flat 2D images of medieval paintings.; start of 3D.
encouraged individuality; confidence in human capability
many people were prompted to seek glory through adventure, discovery, and conquest.
Europe Enters a New Age of Expansion
Sailing Tech
adopted compass and the astrolabe. allowed ships to sail against wind
Portugal takes the lead:
Prince Henry sent his captains further into west coast Africa
2. Write 1 paragraph that describes the natural environment of your society Europe is practically surrounded by sea, so they had to explore the sea a lot. This meant they were kind of excluded from the other countries, which made them put more effort into ships and etc. in order for trade. They didn’t have a lot of resources. However, there were a lot of farmers, meaning that the lands were very fertile. However, throughout history this land eventually loses their fertility due to over exploiting. As more cities take their place in the enviroment, the natural trees and fields decreased.
3. Write one paragraph that describes the built environment of your society There was a big gap between the rich and the poor because of the class system. In the beginning, there were a lot farming due to fertile lands. However, as the disease and the depression in the European society struck, Later, the European society grew back through industrilization, meaning, the society’s built enviroment was not rural and was majorioly made up of farming and plantations. The European society’s built enviroment consisted of more cities, suburbs, and urben. Also, thanks to their growing trade, their ports increased.
4.make a chart that lists the constraints and opportunities afforded to your society due to its location in the world.
Constraints
Opportunities
The land was surrounded by sea, which restricted trade with other continents.
Heavy rain washed away the fertile lands and the crops.
The diseases restricted the population from growing
The lack of space in Europe constrained countries to expand further.
The restriction of trade by sea surrounded led to development of ships.
They grew lots of crops by fertile lands.
The limited space and resources gave them opportunities to discover more new lands and find more continents to trade.
5.List the similarities between your society and the other 2 societies
The European society is similar to the other two societies in a way that all three societies had a community and a some sort of a village/cities going on. Such as, housings. Also, all three societies have social ladders, though the style may be different the existence of it is still similar. All three societies also have value in family, and all three societies have marriage system of some sort.
6.differences
The European society is different from the two other societies. The major one is the fact that the European society is the most developed. It has government systems that was more complex. It didn't have chiefs, but royalties and nobles. Also, the European society was industrialized while the other two stayed more cultural. Lastly, the Eurpean family was mostly composed of importance of nuclear family while the other two society holds importance of other branches of family outside of the nuclear family.
Unit 1 Section 1- Peopling the Americas: Patterns of Migration 1. Why did the “First Americans” (Native Americans) come to America? The Native Americans came to North America because the North American continent provided for many different ways of life, from nomadic to the kind of fixed, nonmigratory life of farming communities. Coming by foot, they were big-game hunters that prized the woolly mammoth. As the Ice Age ended around 12,000 to 10,000 years ago, the Native Americans switched to hunting smaller prey, and also gathered nuts, berries, and fruit along with grains, beans, and squash. It seems that the “First Americans” came to North America to explore and conquer new land, and the Ice Age allowed them to cross the Bering Strait. (Jason)
Unit 1 Section 2 - North American Societies around 1492 2. How did the environment of North America affect native culture? The variety of environments in North America allowed different tribes with different living style to arouse. For example, tribes in Northern California had forests and streams therefore the tribes’ living style was built around it: collecting acorns and fishing. Tribes near the ocean (Atlantic or Pacific) relied on seafood. Tribes in mountains relied on herds of animals hence their culture was nomadic. Other tribes that lived in fertile land with streams started farming. All the different tribes lived in different location, which had different environment that shaped their individual culture. (JiSu)
Unit 1 Section 3 - West African Societies around 1492 3. How did the environment in West Africa affect native culture?
-Because it was a desert, it was hard for them to access fresh water and grow crops. Their constraints urged them to begin trading, which is the main way they got to develop and become advanced. Some other parts of West Africa had forests that acted as a barrier against attacks of others.
Unit 1 Section 4 - European Societies around 1492 4. What were the influences that encouraged Europeans to seek new lands and new opportunities in new environments? The influences that encouraged Europeans to seek new lands and new opportunities in new environments were the lack land to conquer and the lack of fertile soil to farm. It compelled the Europeans to desire more land and power and also more raw materials since their land was not suitable for intense agricultural farming. Also, the development of their technology in the sea allowed the Europeans to dream further and actually take action in sailing for they had technology they could rely on (they discovered America). Another factor was the pressure and the forceful laws to obey (such as religion) encouraged the Europeans with strong faith against the law and authority to search new opportunity and land. Lastly, the constant growing population, lack of jobs, and building debtors were influences that made many Europeans to seek new opportunities in a new environment. (JiSu)
Unit 1 Section 5 - Transatlantic Encounters 5. What was the impact of interactions between the peoples of Africa and Europe with peoples in America? Many of the Native Americans became inflicted with foreign diseases brought to North America by European settlers because they had not developed any natural immunity to these diseases. Some of these diseases were measles, mumps, chicken pox, smallpox, and typhus. Also, many Africans were brought to North America to work in the colonies set up by the European settlers. The Atlantic slave trade devastated many African societies, and took at least 12 million slaves to the colonies of North America. (Jason)
Summary of our work with “Place and Space” 6. What was the relationship of Africans to their natural and human environment in 1492?
Since the desert areas lacked some resources, which triggered them to trade a lot, trade routes were very developed in those certain areas in Western Africa. On the coastline, which was pretty rare, villages were especially developed because since water is such a crucial element to living, a lot of people tended to settle next to a water source.
7. What was the relationship of the North Americans to their natural and built environments in 1492? The North Americans differed by their languages and customs by their environments. They especially revered the idea of land because they believed that land was a source of life, and was not to be sold or traded to anyone. They utilize the land only when there are important activities such as food gathering or farming. Instead of changing the land to their convenience, they adapted to the settings and built their homes and villages in the environment. (Jason)
8. What was the relationship of the Europeans to their natural and built environments in 1492? The Europeans’ relationship to their natural and built environments in 1492 was quite good. In the beginning, the war and the disaster caused the Europeans to decrease in number. However, the later environment which was industrial and striving, which led to the Age of Exploration.(JiSu)
9. Identify and list, 1 local issue, 1 regional issue, and 1 global issue that affected each continent in the transatlantic encounter between Africa, America, and Europe.
Because Europeans lived in a nuclear family system, if one of the parents were to go on a transatlantic counter and be missing for a while, the absence would affect all members of the family, since they all had important jobs for survival (farming, taking care of children, etc.). Regionally, the three societies often had to cross oceans or other natural barriers to get to far lands. And so they developed in ways of transportation. A global issue they encountered was the spread of diseases that mainly started in Europe.
10. Explain how the transatlantic encounter between the peoples of Africa, America, and Europe was influenced by the place and environment of each.
The Europe Social Order
- European society was based on social hierarchy-- organized according to rank.
- from top to bottom: Monarchs, nobles, artisans and merchants(has social mobility), peasants= majority of the people.
- merchants and artisans: source of tax revenue; were needed to finance overseas exploration and expansion.
- Family in Society
- nuclear family: family of a mom, dad, and their children (instead of extended family, like the Native Americans)
- job in the household often divided by gender-- men did most of the field labor while women usually took care of children and made the food.
Christianity Shapes the European outlook- Roman Catholic church was the dominant religious institution.
-Pope had the ultimate powerChanges come to Europe
Europe Enters a New Age of Expansion
- Sailing Tech
adopted compass and the astrolabe.allowed ships to sail against wind
- Portugal takes the lead:
Prince Henry sent his captains further into west coast Africa2. Write 1 paragraph that describes the natural environment of your society
Europe is practically surrounded by sea, so they had to explore the sea a lot. This meant they were kind of excluded from the other countries, which made them put more effort into ships and etc. in order for trade. They didn’t have a lot of resources. However, there were a lot of farmers, meaning that the lands were very fertile. However, throughout history this land eventually loses their fertility due to over exploiting. As more cities take their place in the enviroment, the natural trees and fields decreased.
3. Write one paragraph that describes the built environment of your society
There was a big gap between the rich and the poor because of the class system. In the beginning, there were a lot farming due to fertile lands. However, as the disease and the depression in the European society struck, Later, the European society grew back through industrilization, meaning, the society’s built enviroment was not rural and was majorioly made up of farming and plantations. The European society’s built enviroment consisted of more cities, suburbs, and urben. Also, thanks to their growing trade, their ports increased.
4.make a chart that lists the constraints and opportunities afforded to your society due to its location in the world.
5.List the similarities between your society and the other 2 societies
The European society is similar to the other two societies in a way that all three societies had a community and a some sort of a village/cities going on. Such as, housings. Also, all three societies have social ladders, though the style may be different the existence of it is still similar. All three societies also have value in family, and all three societies have marriage system of some sort.
6.differences
The European society is different from the two other societies. The major one is the fact that the European society is the most developed. It has government systems that was more complex. It didn't have chiefs, but royalties and nobles. Also, the European society was industrialized while the other two stayed more cultural. Lastly, the Eurpean family was mostly composed of importance of nuclear family while the other two society holds importance of other branches of family outside of the nuclear family.
Unit 1 Section 1- Peopling the Americas: Patterns of Migration
1. Why did the “First Americans” (Native Americans) come to America?
The Native Americans came to North America because the North American continent provided for many different ways of life, from nomadic to the kind of fixed, nonmigratory life of farming communities. Coming by foot, they were big-game hunters that prized the woolly mammoth. As the Ice Age ended around 12,000 to 10,000 years ago, the Native Americans switched to hunting smaller prey, and also gathered nuts, berries, and fruit along with grains, beans, and squash. It seems that the “First Americans” came to North America to explore and conquer new land, and the Ice Age allowed them to cross the Bering Strait. (Jason)
Unit 1 Section 2 - North American Societies around 1492
2. How did the environment of North America affect native culture?
The variety of environments in North America allowed different tribes with different living style to arouse. For example, tribes in Northern California had forests and streams therefore the tribes’ living style was built around it: collecting acorns and fishing. Tribes near the ocean (Atlantic or Pacific) relied on seafood. Tribes in mountains relied on herds of animals hence their culture was nomadic. Other tribes that lived in fertile land with streams started farming. All the different tribes lived in different location, which had different environment that shaped their individual culture. (JiSu)
Unit 1 Section 3 - West African Societies around 1492
3. How did the environment in West Africa affect native culture?
-Because it was a desert, it was hard for them to access fresh water and grow crops. Their constraints urged them to begin trading, which is the main way they got to develop and become advanced. Some other parts of West Africa had forests that acted as a barrier against attacks of others.
Unit 1 Section 4 - European Societies around 1492
4. What were the influences that encouraged Europeans to seek new lands and new opportunities in new environments?
The influences that encouraged Europeans to seek new lands and new opportunities in new environments were the lack land to conquer and the lack of fertile soil to farm. It compelled the Europeans to desire more land and power and also more raw materials since their land was not suitable for intense agricultural farming. Also, the development of their technology in the sea allowed the Europeans to dream further and actually take action in sailing for they had technology they could rely on (they discovered America). Another factor was the pressure and the forceful laws to obey (such as religion) encouraged the Europeans with strong faith against the law and authority to search new opportunity and land. Lastly, the constant growing population, lack of jobs, and building debtors were influences that made many Europeans to seek new opportunities in a new environment. (JiSu)
Unit 1 Section 5 - Transatlantic Encounters
5. What was the impact of interactions between the peoples of Africa and Europe with peoples in America?
Many of the Native Americans became inflicted with foreign diseases brought to North America by European settlers because they had not developed any natural immunity to these diseases. Some of these diseases were measles, mumps, chicken pox, smallpox, and typhus. Also, many Africans were brought to North America to work in the colonies set up by the European settlers. The Atlantic slave trade devastated many African societies, and took at least 12 million slaves to the colonies of North America. (Jason)
Summary of our work with “Place and Space”
6. What was the relationship of Africans to their natural and human environment in 1492?
Since the desert areas lacked some resources, which triggered them to trade a lot, trade routes were very developed in those certain areas in Western Africa. On the coastline, which was pretty rare, villages were especially developed because since water is such a crucial element to living, a lot of people tended to settle next to a water source.
7. What was the relationship of the North Americans to their natural and built environments in 1492?
The North Americans differed by their languages and customs by their environments. They especially revered the idea of land because they believed that land was a source of life, and was not to be sold or traded to anyone. They utilize the land only when there are important activities such as food gathering or farming. Instead of changing the land to their convenience, they adapted to the settings and built their homes and villages in the environment. (Jason)
8. What was the relationship of the Europeans to their natural and built environments in 1492?
The Europeans’ relationship to their natural and built environments in 1492 was quite good. In the beginning, the war and the disaster caused the Europeans to decrease in number. However, the later environment which was industrial and striving, which led to the Age of Exploration.(JiSu)
9. Identify and list, 1 local issue, 1 regional issue, and 1 global issue that affected each continent in the transatlantic encounter between Africa, America, and Europe.
Because Europeans lived in a nuclear family system, if one of the parents were to go on a transatlantic counter and be missing for a while, the absence would affect all members of the family, since they all had important jobs for survival (farming, taking care of children, etc.). Regionally, the three societies often had to cross oceans or other natural barriers to get to far lands. And so they developed in ways of transportation. A global issue they encountered was the spread of diseases that mainly started in Europe.
10. Explain how the transatlantic encounter between the peoples of Africa, America, and Europe was influenced by the place and environment of each.